Whatisrenaltubularacidosis(RTA)?
什么是肾小管酸中毒(RTA)?
Renaltubularacidosis(RTA)isadiseasethatoccurswhenthekidneysfailtoexcreteacidsintotheurine,whichcausesapersonsbloodtoremaintooacidic.Withoutpropertreatment,chronicacidityofthebloodleadstogrowthretardation,kidneystones,bonedisease,chronickidneydisease,andpossiblytotalkidneyfailure.
肾小管酸中毒(RTA)是一种疾病,当肾脏无法将酸排出到尿液中,导致人的血液保持高酸度。如果没有适当的治疗,血液的慢性酸性会导致生长迟缓、肾结石、骨病、慢性肾病,甚至可能是全肾衰竭。
Thebodyscellsusechemicalreactionstocarryouttaskssuchasturningfoodintoenergyandrepairingtissue.Thesechemicalreactionsgenerateacids.Someacidinthebloodisnormal,buttoomuchacid—acidosis—candisturbmanybodilyfunctions.Healthykidneyshelpmaintainacid-basebalancebyexcretingacidsintotheurineandreturningbicarbonate—analkaline,orbase,substance—totheblood.This"reclaimed"bicarbonateneutralizesmuchoftheacidthatiscreatedwhenfoodisbrokendowninthebody.Themovementofsubstanceslikebicarbonatebetweenthebloodandstructuresinthekidneysiscalledtransport.
人体细胞利用化学反应来完成诸如将食物转化为能量和修复组织等任务。这些化学反应产生酸。血液中的有些酸是正常的,但是太多的酸-酸中毒-会干扰许多身体功能。健康的肾脏通过将酸排出到尿液中并将碳酸氢盐(一种碱性或碱性物质)返回到血液中来帮助维持酸碱平衡。这种“回收的”碳酸氢盐中和了大部分食物在体内分解时产生的酸。像碳酸氢盐这样的物质在血液和肾脏结构之间的移动被称为转运。
OneresearcherhastheorizedthatCharlesDickensmayhavebeendescribingachildwithRTAinthecharacterofTinyTimfromAChristmasCarol.TinyTimssmallstature,malformedlimbs,andperiodsofweaknessareallpossibleconsequencesofthechemicalimbalancecausedbyRTA.Inthestory,TinyTimrecoverswhenhereceivesmedicaltreatment,whichwouldlikelyhaveincludedsodiumbicarbonateandsodiumcitrate,alkalineagentstoneutralizeacidicblood.ThegoodnewsisthatmedicaltreatmentcanindeedreversetheeffectsofRTA.
一位研究人员推测,查尔斯·狄更斯(CharlesDickens)可能通过《圣诞颂歌》(ChristmasCarol)中的小蒂姆(TinyTim)来描述一个患有RTA的孩子。小蒂姆矮小的身材、畸形的四肢和长时间的虚弱都可能是RTA引起的化学失衡的结果。故事中,小蒂姆在接受碳酸氢钠和柠檬酸钠等中和酸性血液的碱性药物的治疗后恢复了健康。好消息是,药物治疗确实可以逆转RTA的影响。
HowisRTAdiagnosed?
肾小管酸中毒是如何诊断的?
TodiagnoseRTA,doctorschecktheacid-basebalanceinbloodandurinesamples.Ifthebloodismoreacidicthanitshouldbeandtheurinelessacidicthanitshouldbe,RTAmaybethereason,butadditionalinformationisneededtoruleoutothercauses.IfRTAisthereason,additionalinformationaboutthesodium,potassium,andchloridelevelsintheurineandthepotassiumlevelinthebloodwillhelpidentifywhichtypeofRTAapersonhas.Inallcases,thefirstgoaloftherapyistoneutralizeacidintheblood,butdifferenttreatmentsmaybeneededtoaddressthedifferentunderlyingcausesofacidosis.
为了诊断肾小管酸中毒,医生检查血液和尿液样本的酸碱平衡。如果血液酸性高于正常水平,尿液酸性低于正常水平,肾小管酸中毒可能是原因,但需要额外的信息来排除其他原因。如果是肾小管酸中毒的原因,尿液中钠、钾、氯含量以及血液中钾含量的额外信息将有助于识别患者患有哪种肾小管酸中毒。在所有案例中,治疗的首要目标是中和血液中的酸,但不同的治疗方法可能需要解决不同的酸中毒的根本原因。
WhatarethetypesofRTA?
RTA有哪些类型?
Type1:ClassicalDistalRTA
类型1:经典远端肾小管酸中毒
Type1isalsocalledclassicaldistalRTA."Distal,"whichmeansdistant,referstothepointintheurine-formingtubeofthekidneywherethedefectoccurs—relativelydistantfromthepointwherefluidfromthebloodentersthetinytube,ortubule,thatcollectsfluidandwastestoformurine.
1型也被称为经典远端肾小管酸中毒。“远端”,意思是“远端”,指的是肾脏尿管中出现缺陷的地方——相对距离血液中的液体进入小管或小管的地方较远,小管收集液体和废物形成尿液。
Thisdisordermaybeinheritedasaprimarydisorderormaybeonesymptomofadiseasethataffectsmanypartsofthebody.Researchershavediscoveredabnormalgenesresponsiblefortheinheritedformsofthedisease.Moreoften,however,classicaldistalRTAoccursasaresultofsystemicdiseases—diseasesthataffectmanyorgansystems—liketheautoimmunedisordersSj?grenssyndromeandlupus,whichalsoattackthedistaltubule.
这种疾病可能作为一种原发性疾病遗传,也可能是一种影响身体许多部位的疾病的症状。研究人员发现了导致这种疾病遗传形式的异常基因。然而,更常见的情况是,典型的远端肾小管酸中毒是全身性疾病(影响许多器官系统的疾病)的结果,如自身免疫性疾病干燥综合征和狼疮,也会攻击远端小管。
OtherdiseasesandconditionsassociatedwithclassicaldistalRTAincludesicklecellanemia,hyperparathyroidism,hyperthyroidism,chronicactivehepatitis,primarybiliarycirrhosis,ahereditaryformofdeafness,analgesicnephropathy,rejectionofatransplantedkidney,renalmedullarycysticdisease,obstructiveuropathy,andchronicurinarytractinfections.Manyoftheseconditionscauseabnormalcalciumdepositstobuildupinthekidneyandimpairdistaltubulefunction.
与经典远端肾小管酸中毒相关的其他疾病和状况包括镰状细胞性贫血、甲状旁腺功能亢进、甲状腺功能亢进、慢性活动性肝炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、遗传性耳聋、止痛性肾病、移植肾排斥反应、肾髓囊性疾病、梗阻性尿路病、以及慢性尿路感染。许多这种情况导致异常的钙沉积在肾脏内堆积,损害远端小管功能。
AmajorconsequenceofclassicaldistalRTAisalowbloodpotassiumlevel.Theleveldropsifthekidneysexcretetoomuchpotassiumintourineinsteadofreturningittothebloodsupply.Becausepotassiumhelpsregulatenerveandmusclehealthandheartrate,lowlevelscancauseextremeweakness,irregularheartbeat,paralysis,andevendeath.
经典远端肾小管酸中毒的一个主要后果是低血钾水平。如果肾脏将过多的钾排泄到尿液中而不是返回血液供应中,钾的水平就会下降。因为钾有助于调节神经、肌肉健康和心率,低钾水平会导致极度虚弱、心跳不规律、瘫痪甚至死亡。
UntreatedclassicaldistalRTAcausesgrowthretardationinchildrenandprogressivekidneyandbonediseaseinadults.Restoringnormalgrowthandpreventingkidneystonesarethemajorgoalsoftherapy.Ifacidosisiscorrectedwithsodiumbicarbonateorsodiumcitrate,thenlowblood-potassium,saltdepletion,andcalciumleakageintourinewillbecorrected.Thisalkalitherapyalsohelpsdecreasethedevelopmentofkidneystonesandstabilizeskidneyfunctionsokidneyfailuredoesnotprogress.Infantsmayneedpotassiumsupplements,butolderchildrenandadultsrarelydobecausealkalitherapypreventsthekidneyfromexcretingpotassiumintotheurine.
未经治疗的经典远端肾小管酸中毒导致儿童生长迟缓和成人进展性肾脏和骨骼疾病。恢复正常生长和预防肾结石是治疗的主要目标。如果用碳酸氢钠或柠檬酸钠来纠正酸中毒,那么低血钾、食盐消耗和钙漏入尿也会得到纠正。这种碱疗法也有助于减少肾结石的发展,稳定肾功能,所以肾衰竭不会进展。婴儿可能需要钾补充剂,但年龄稍大的儿童和成人很少需要,因为碱疗法阻止肾脏将钾排泄到尿中。
Type2:ProximalRTA
类型2:近端肾小管酸中毒
Type2isalsocalledproximalRTA.Theword"proximal,"whichmeansnear,indicatesthatthedefectisclosertothepointwherefluidandwastesfromthebloodenterthetubule.
2型也被称为近端肾小管酸中毒。"近端"是"近"的意思,表明缺陷更接近血液中的液体和废物进入小管的点。
ThisformofRTAoccursmostfrequentlyinchildrenaspartofadisordercalledFanconissyndrome.ThefeaturesofFanconissyndromeincludetheabnormalexcretionofglucose,aminoacids,citrate,andphosphateintotheurine,aswellasvitaminDdeficiencyandlowblood-potassium.
这种肾小管酸中毒最常出现在儿童身上,是范可尼综合征的一部分。范可尼综合征的特点是葡萄糖、氨基酸、柠檬酸和磷酸盐异常排泄到尿中,缺乏维生素D和低血钾。
ProximalRTAcanalsoresultfrominheriteddisordersthatdisruptthebodysnormalbreakdownanduseofnutrients.Examplesincludetherarediseasecystinosis,inwhichcystinecrystalsaredepositedinbonesandothertissues;hereditaryfructoseintolerance;andWilsondisease.
近端肾小管酸中毒也可由遗传性疾病引起,这种疾病破坏了身体对营养物质的正常分解和使用。例子包括罕见的胱氨酸病,其中胱氨酸晶体沉积在骨头和其他组织;遗传性果糖不宽容;和威尔逊的疾病。
ProximalRTAalsooccursinpatientstreatedwithifosfamide,adrugusedinchemotherapy.Afewolderdrugs—suchasacetazolamideoroutdatedtetracycline—canalsocauseproximalRTA.Inadults,proximalRTAmay